PubChem Substance ID. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, Thermophys., 1981, 2(2), 155-162. It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. 125129. From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." J. Expert Answer. J. Res. [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. Structure and properties. Grolier, J.-P.E. [79][80], According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides, medications, and dyes. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . Sci., 1969, 38, 510-511. Gorbunova, N.I. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. . American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for benzene at 0.5 ppm TWA and 2.5 ppm STEL. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. Mitt. 2039504. Soc., 1940, 62, 696-700. ; Hart, K.R., Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. We don't save this data. (VIII. Devon is applying 100N of . The discussed value is almost 1.3 times higher than the heat flux obtained in case quenching is conducted by downward spray. Calorimetry (Lect. Gatterman Reaction 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. [all data], Tanaka, 1987 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene. Chem. This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. Specific heat of liquids. The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekul's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. Chem. [all data], Burlew, 1940 Am. Similarly, the Friedel-Crafts acylation is a related example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Soc., 1926, 48, 1274-1287. Chem. Benzeneis present in crude oils and is a product of oil-refining processes. Czech. Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. Soc. Chem., 1951, 198, 263-269. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. Bull. Equation 1. Dejardin, G., Similar problems were reported by the FDA in the United States.[104]. Chem. This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. [all data], Good and Smith, 1969 Eng. ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. ; Nagano, Y., Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. [all data], Fiock, Ginnings, et al., 1931 This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 [all data], Ferguson and Miller, 1933 In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. These include cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), quinine oxidoreductase (NQ01 or DT-diaphorase or NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)), GSH, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Surface area of the liquid c. Pressure 6. [all data], Fortier, Benson, et al., 1976 Ser. Soc., 1925, 47, 1490-1503. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. J. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the mixing calorimeter, If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Class XII. Zhdanov, A.K., Benzene is more resistant to temperature change than sulfuric acid. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. Ber. [all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 ; Udowenko, W.W., Acad. Containers may explode when heated. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level for benzene in drinking water at 0.0005mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. The heat capacity, heat of fusion and entropy of benzene, Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. [all data], von Reis, 1881 Pressions maxima des vapeurs du benzene et du cyclohexane aux temperatures moyennes et calcul de leurs chaleurs specifiques principales, In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. Benzene vapor is heavier than air. Obshch. This reaction is called Sandmeyer reaction. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14. Carbon dioxide (CO2). [all data], Recko, 1968 [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 Rastorguev, Yu.L. ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Izv. Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, Heats of combustion of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, n-propylbenzene, and styrene, Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., [52] Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.[53][54][55]. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. Compt. (This estimate assumes no threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) Specific heat of sulphuric acid= 1.40 . Heats of combustion and formation at 25C of the alkylbenzenes through C10H14, and of the higher normal monoalkylbenzenes, ; Blanchard, E.R. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. [all data], Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988 [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 Sci. Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are converted to polyphenols. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the . [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 Unsmoothed experimental datum given as 1.7915 kJ/kg*K.; T = 283.78 to 348.47 K. Cp = 1.3943 - 5.857x10-4T + 5.89x10-6T2 kJ/kg*K. Cp value calculated from equation. Acad. Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . : Dynamic viscosity (Pas). Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these . Have no definite shape 2. Commun., 1979, 44, 3529-3532. ; T = 82 to 224 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. This is often called "on-purpose" methodology to produce benzene, compared to conventional BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) extraction processes. These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). Sci. NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. Thermodynamic properties of benzene, Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. Cp,gas : Ideal gas heat capacity (J/molK). Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. J. Chem. Chim., 1960, 8, 651-653. The formula for specific heat capacity, C, of a substance with mass m, is C = Q / (m T). More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. Risk of ignition. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. III. ; Hepler, L.G., Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, ), 1977, C9-1-C9-4. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. Am. A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, Specific heat of liquids. Kalorimetrische Messungen an Mischungen von Nichtelektrolyten, 1. The phase diagram of benzene is shown below the table. Atalla, S.R. The specific heats of five organic liquids from their adiabatic temperature-pressure coefficients, This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. J. Chem. Chim., 1968, 16, 549-552. The affected batches were removed from sale. Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. [all data], Richards and Wallace, 1932 [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. In 1988 it was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring. [64], Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. \Delta H of fusion for benzene is 9.87 kJ/mol; specific heat for liquid benzene is 1.63 J/g X degrees). C) Question: It takes 11.2 KJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene from 25.0C to 70.0C. Rept. Univ. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. These genes may be targets for genetic screening for susceptibility to benzene toxicity. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot). J. Res. Pacor, P., Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 753-763. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein (2007), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory, Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series, "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Benzene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "ber das Benzol und die Suren der Oel- und Talgarten", Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg, "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds", "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Specific Heat capacity is given as. Contact us at contact@myengineeringtools.com 1. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. Neft Gaz. Inzh-Fiz. Chim. National Institute of Standards and [all data], Staveley, Tupman, et al., 1955 Phenol and halobenzenes can be reduced with metals. The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, Bunsenges. Even if it is not a common substrate for metabolism, benzene can be oxidized by both bacteria and eukaryotes. J. *** Very flammable. J. Chem. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. ; Daniels, F., Prosen, E.J. In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekul published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. Chem., 1977, 81, 925-930. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. Heat capacities of some organic substances at low temperature, Molecular Weight 1 134.22 CAS 105-05-5 Other Names 1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE Benzene, p-diethyl- p-Diethylbenzene p-Ethylethylbenzene para-Diethylbenzene : Acentric Factor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. Zhur. Wilhelm, E.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Thermochim. Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. Conf. [18][19] In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced it by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime. Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Specific heat of Benzene Gas - C6H6 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 900 K: Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! ; Smith, N.K., Data table of specific heat capacity of liquids Please find below a table of common liquids and their specific heat capacity, aggregated from different sources. You simply need a household iron to apply heat to loosen the adhesive and weaken the prints to get them out easily. Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. Chim. Chat now for more business. Experimental device for measurement of isobaric specific heat of electrolytes at elevated pressures, de Kolossowsky, N.A. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? Benzene is found in air, water, and soil that comes from both industrial and natural sources, is highly flammable, and evapo-rates into air very quickly, and dissolves slightly in water. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, . [all data], Dejardin, 1919 Bull. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C. Rabinovich, I.B. Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene. ; Daniels, F., [all data], Ogawa and Murakami, 1985 The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. J. lifetime movies list 2023; what does a call back interview mean; stashbox vape bmm; mens burberry belt; boa account number and tax id pdf 2022; 1st Czech. Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, London, 1933, 45, 194-207. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5kg) or more of benzene be reported. For full table with Imperial Units - rotate the screen! Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. Sieg, L.; Crtzen, J.L. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. biphenyl (aka diphenyl) at higher temperature: If the raw material stream contains much non-aromatic components (paraffins or naphthenes), those are likely decomposed to lower hydrocarbons such as methane, which increases the consumption of hydrogen. 5. ; Bhatagadde, L.G., Prosen, E.J. [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. J. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. GSH mutations or deletions result in loss of function and result in decreased detoxification. Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Excess heat capacity of the binary systems formed by n-propyl alcohol with benzene, mesitylene and cyclohexane, [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. Sci. Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. Eng. [all data], Grolier, Wilhelm, et al., 1978 [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 [69], In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene". In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. von Reis, M.A., [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine. J. Eng. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. OSHA has also established an action level of 0.5 ppm to encourage even lower exposures in the workplace.[87]. The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. Studies on the heat capacities at low temperature. This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of twelve aromatic hydrocarbons, Staveley, L.A.K. 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 CAS RN. Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. ; Lundberg, W.O., Chem., 1971, 24, 1817-1822. Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. [1]24, 1935, 107-115. Flow microcalorimeter for heat capacities of solutions, According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. Proc. We don't save this data. Die specifische Wrme flssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, Zaved. The American Petroleum Institute (API) stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero".
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