Because they pay for your tuition. And my response to them is what we do, those of us who are interested in the deepest questions about the nature of reality, whether they're physicists, or philosophers, or whoever, like I said before, we're not going to cure cancer. I will never think that there's any replacement for having a professor at the front of the room, and some students, and they're talking to each other in person, and they can interact, and you know, office hours, and whatever it is. With Villanova, it's clear enough it's close to home. So, I would like to write that as a scientist. Is that a common title for professors at the Santa Fe Institute? My stepfather had gone to college, and he was an occupational therapist, so he made a little bit more money. So, the paper that I wrote is called The Quantum Field Theory on Which the Everyday World Supervenes. Supervenience is this idea in philosophy that one level depends on another level in a certain way and supervenes on the lower level. [3][4] He has been a contributor to the physics blog Cosmic Variance, and has published in scientific journals such as Nature as well as other publications, including The New York Times, Sky & Telescope and New Scientist. It was clearly for her benefit that we were going. In fact, no one cited it at the time -- people are catching on now -- but it was on the arrow of time in cosmology and why entropy in the universe is smaller in the past than in the future. I heard my friends at other institutions talk about their tenure file, getting all of these documents together in a proposal for what they're going to do. I do have feelings about different people who have been chosen as directors of institutes and department chairs. I got the Packard Fellowship. I'm trying to remember -- when I got there, on the senior faculty, there was George, and there was Bill Press, and I'm honestly not sure there was anyone else -- I'm trying to think -- which is just ridiculous for the largest number -- there were a few research professor level people. So, that's one of the things you walk into as a person who tries to be interdisciplinary. So, they could be rich with handing out duties to their PhD astronomers to watch over students, which is a wonderful thing that a lot people at other departments didn't get. Now, the academic titles. I went on expeditions with the dinosaur hunters as a public outreach thing. I learned afterward it was not at all easy, and she did not sail through. But it needs to be mostly the thing that gets you up out of bed in the morning. Every year, they place an ad that says, "We are interested in candidates in theoretical physics, or theoretical astrophysics." So, it's not quite true, but in some sense, my book is Wald for the common person. You don't get that, but there's clearly way more audience in a world as large as ours for people who are willing to work a little bit. In late 1997, again, by this time, the microwave background was in full gear in terms of both theorizing it and proposing new satellites and new telescopes to look at it. Maybe 1999, but I think 2000. I'm a big believer that there's no right way to be a physicist. Then, I would have had a single-author paper a year earlier that got a thousand citations, and so forth. Fast forward to 2011. Also, with the graduate students, it's not as bad as Caltech, but Chicago is also not as user friendly for the students as Harvard astronomy was. So, between the five of these people, enormous brainpower. I think I did not really feel that, honestly. So, I read all the latest papers in many different areas, and I actually learned something. In 2012, he organized the workshop "Moving Naturalism Forward", which brought together scientists and philosophers to discuss issues associated with a naturalistic worldview. Sean Carroll Family. For many interviews, the AIP retains substantial files with further information about the interviewee and the interview itself. That's one of the things you have to learn slowly as an advisor, is that there's no recipe for being a successful graduate student. I talked to the philosophers and classicists, and whatever, but I don't think anyone knew. And at some point, it sinks in, the chances of guessing right are very small. That's my question. Then, of course, the cosmology group was extremely active, but it was clearly in the midst of a shift from early universe cosmology to late universe cosmology at the time. But still, the intellectual life and atmosphere, it was just entirely different than at a place like Villanova, or like Pennsbury High School, where I went to high school. And also, of course, when I'm on with a theoretical physicist, I'm trying to have a conversation at a level that people can access. Playing the game, writing the papers that got highly cited, being in the mainstream, and doing things that everyone agreed were interesting, which I did to a certain extent but not all the way when I was in Chicago. So, if I can do that, I can branch out afterwards. But now, I had this goal of explaining away both dark matter and dark energy. I have a lot of graduate students. Well, that's interesting. So, in that sense, technology just hasn't had a lot to say because we haven't been making a lot of discoveries, so we don't need to worry about that. They have a certain way of doing things. If it's more, then it has a positive curvature. It was like, if it's Tuesday, this must be Descartes, kind of thing. I think that it's important to do different things, but for a purpose. No, no. The crossover point from where you don't need dark matter to where you do need dark matter is characterized not by a length scale, but by an acceleration scale. Well, I do, but not so much in the conventional theoretical physics realm, for a couple reasons. But by the mid '90s, people had caught on to that and realized it didn't keep continuing. So, then, the decision was, well -- so, to answer your question, yes -- well, sorry, I didn't quite technically get tenured offers, if I'm being very, very honest, but it was clear I was going to. So, we wrote a little bit about that, and he was always interested in that. I know the field theory. The University of Chicago, which is right next to Fermilab, they have almost no particle physics. So, I took it upon myself to do this YouTube series called The Biggest Ideas in the Universe. Sean, I wonder, maybe it's more of a generational question, but because so many cosmologists enter the field via particle physics, I wonder if you saw any advantages of coming in it through astronomy. Let me just fix the lighting over here before I become a total silhouette. This particular job of being a research professor in theoretical physics has ceased to be a good fit for me. So, I played around writing down theories, and I asked myself, what is the theory for gravity? Each week, Sean Carroll will host conversations with some of the most interesting thinkers in the world. But that's okay. Sean Carroll is a tenured research physics professor at Caltech with thousands of citations. Can I come talk to you for an hour in your lab?" Carroll has a B.S. And I didn't. So, the idea of doing observational cosmology was absolutely there, and just obvious at the time. Several of these people had written textbooks themselves, but they'd done it after they got tenure. Everything is going great. I got a lot of books about the planets, and space travel, and things like that, because grandparents and aunts and uncles knew that I like that stuff, right? Having said that, they're still really annoying. Advertising on podcasts is really effective compared to TV or radio or webpages. Our Browse Subjects feature is also affected by this migration. For every galaxy, the radius is different, but what he noticed was, and this is still a more-or-less true fact that really does demand explanation, and it's a good puzzle. There are so many, and it's very easy for me to admit that I suffer from confirmation biases, but it's very hard for me to tell you which ones they are, because we all each individually think that we are perfectly well-calibrating ourselves against our biases, otherwise we would change them in some way. And that's by choice, because you don't want to talk to them with as much eagerness as you want to talk to other kinds of scientists or scholars. I remember -- who was I talking to? So, he was right, and I'm learning this as I study and try to write papers on complexity. You know the answer to that." And I was amused to find that he had trouble getting a job, George Gamow. Whereas, if you're just a physicalist, you're just successful. Not just open science like we can read everybody's papers, but doing science in public. His dissertation was entitled Cosmological Consequences of Topological and Geometric Phenomena in Field Theories. That's almost all the people who I collaborated with when I was a postdoc at MIT. Shared Services: Increased the dollars managed by more than 500% through a shared services program that capitalizes on both the cost . Either then, or retrospectively, do you see any through lines that connected all of these different papers in terms of the broader questions you were most interested in? Research professors are hired -- they're given a lot of freedom to do things, but there's a reason you're hired. These were all live possibilities. Doing as much as you could without the intimidating math. So, my interest in the physics of democracy is really because democracies are complex systems, and I was struck by this strange imbalance between economics and politics. Bob Kirshner and his supernova studies were also a big deal. That's the message I received many, many times. His third act changed the Seahawks' trajectory. In fact, I would argue, as I sort of argued a little bit before, that as successful as the model of specialization and disciplinary attachment has been, and it should continue to be the dominant model, it should be 80%, not 95% of what we do. 1.21 If such a state did not have a beginning, it would produce classical spacetime either from eternity or not at all. This is December 1997. No, I think I'm much more purposive about choosing what to work on now than I was back then. But I think I didn't quite answer a previous question I really want to get to which is I did get offered tenured jobs, but I was still faced with a decision, what is it I want to maximize? There's nobody working on using insights from the foundation of quantum mechanics to help understand quantum gravity, or at least, very, very few people. It's way easier to be on this side, answering questions rather than asking them. But I don't remember what it was. The acceleration due to gravity, of the acceleration of the universe, or whatever. No, not really. If you found that there was a fundamental time directed-ness in nature, that the arrow of time was not emergent out of entropy increasing but was really part of the fundamental laws of physics. And I think that I need to tell my students that that's the kind of attitude that the hiring committees and the tenure committees have. He was born to his father and mother in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. I'm not sure of what I'm being asked for. it's great to have one when you are denied tenure and you need to job hunt. What academia asks of them is exactly what they want to provide. Also in 2014, Carroll partook in a debate held by Intelligence Squared, the title of the debate was "Death is Not Final". Anyway, even though we wrote that paper and I wrote my couple paragraphs, and the things I said were true, as. That group at MIT was one, and then Joe Silk had a similar group at Berkeley at the same time. I'm likely to discount that because of all various other prior beliefs whereas someone else might give it a lot of credence. Chicago was great because the teaching requirements were quite low compared to other places. You need to go and hang out with people, especially in the more interdisciplinary fields. The much bigger thing was, Did you know quantum field theory? Stephen later moved from The Free Press to Dutton, which is part of Penguin, and he is now my editor. Yard-wide in 2021, 11 men and four women, including assistant professor Carolyn Chun, applied for tenure. More than one. I can't get a story out in a week, or whatever. What were the most interesting topics at that time? No one cares what you think about the existence of God. You can do a bit of dimensional analysis and multiply by the speed of light, or whatever, and you notice that that acceleration scale you need to explain the dark matter in Milgrom's theory is the same as the Hubble constant. Again, purely intellectual fit criteria, I chose badly because I didn't know any better. So, I wrote a paper, and most of my papers in that area that were good were with Mark Trodden, who at that time, I think, was a professor at Syracuse. So, we had some success there, but it did slow me down in the more way out there stuff I was interested in. Everyone got to do research from their first year in college. So, we'd already done R plus a constant. Like, when people talk about the need for science outreach, and for education and things like that, I think that there is absolutely a responsibility to do outreach to get the message out, especially if the kind of work you do has no immediate economic or technological impact. Rather than telling other people they're stupid, be friendly, be likable, be openminded. So, I thought, well, okay, I was on a bunch of shortlists. To be perfectly fair, there are plenty of examples of people who have either gotten tenure, or just gotten older, and their research productivity has gone away. Yeah, so actually, I should back up a little bit, because like I said, at Harvard, there were no string theorists. Do you see the enterprise of writing popular books as essentially in the same category but a different medium as the other ways that you interact with the broader public, giving lectures, doing podcasts? It's not just trendiness. Those are all very important things and I'm not going to write them myself. They met every six months while you were a graduate student, after you had passed your second-year exam. The two that were most interesting to me were the University of Chicago, where I eventually ended up going, and University of Washington in Seattle. You can be a physicalist and still do metaphysics for your living. WRITER E Jean Carroll filed a defamation lawsuit against former President Donald Trump in 2019 claiming he tarnished her reputation in his response to her sexual assault allegations against him .
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