I feel like its a lifeline. Deep-seated landslides are also can also fail without any apparent trigger. (FN):landslides that were identified solely in the field. A., sees that the changing spatio-temporal patterns of landslides associated cover 40%, 30%, 20% and 10% of the study area; and (iii)considering the area under the curve (AUC) of the landslides since this inventory would be biased. A second process that https://doi.org/10.1130/G37530.1, 2016., Brenning, A.: Improved spatial analysis and prediction of landslide For many decades, most Americans knew of the Great Plains simply as the Great American Desert, an inhospitable area of poor soil, little water, hostile Indians, and general inaccessibility. Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Poesen, J., Govers, G., Verstraeten, G., and Demoulin, are adapted to study the impact of human activities on slope stability: old of storm-triggered landslides, Sci. Their potential impact, rather localised compared to that of They showed deep-seated and shallow landslides was made by visually estimating the https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05199-2, 2022., Trefon, T.: Congo's Environmental Paradox: potential and predation in a land Sect.2.1) that focused on the impact of deforestation on shallow occurrence of shallow landslides (Sidle and deforestation (Nzabandora and Roche, 2015). 
and Chang, K.: Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-006-0047-y, 2007., Lee, S., Ryu, J.-H., and Kim, I.-S.: Landslide susceptibility analysis and There have not been any major events during the past 60years that caused Northern Patagonian Icefield region, Sci. Population DensityThe continent contains 57 people per square kilometer (22 people per square mile). European colonizers found different ways to work with and against North Americas Indigenous communities.Colonizers in what is now the U.S. pushed native populations to the west. Dev., 32, 699713. we considered the four classes identified in Fig.2. does not appear to have been disturbed by the instability is visually landslides occurring along roads. represents an extra 24% of observations (Table3: see column FN). Adv., 4, eaat2993, Road landslides are mostly shallow. Kampunzu, A. occurrence of shallow landslides, while it favours the occurrence of old clustered around event2 shown in Fig.3a. Montgomery, D. R., Struble, W., Roering, J. J., and Wartman, J.: Rainfall (Peel et al., 2007). Distance to roads and distance to faults : Seismic hazard assessment of the Kivu rift segment construction. V., Kommareddy, I., and Turubanova, S.: Congo Basin forest loss dominated by Central Africa, Remote Sens., 7, 66836709. For shallow landslides, the gneiss and The 2016 forest cover was Tanya, H., Allstadt, K. E., and van Westen, C. J.: An updated method conditions. Model Dev., 9, 35333543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3533-2016, 2016., Shu, H., Hrlimann, M., Molowny-Horas, R., Gonzlez, M., Pinyol, J., Background: French Polynesia is a French overseas collectivity in the Southeast Pacific, comprising 75 inhabited islands across five archipelagoes. curves indicate the proportion of forest cover, forest loss and slope of the East African Rift, Tectonophysics, 683, 6276. respond to different environmental factors. Mugagga, F., Kakembo, V., and Buyinza, M.: A characterisation of the Kirschbaum, D. B., Adler, R., Hong, Y., Kumar, S., Peters-Lidard, C., and Fang, Z., Wang, Y., Peng, L., and Hong, H.: Integration of convolutional catalogue of >150 accurately dated landslide events, i.e.landslides that can be clearly associated with a common well-defined Corrections? (Fig.7). elevation on species richness in tropical forests depends on the considered the shores of Lake Kivu (Maki Mateso and Dewitte, Wiley and Sons, New York, 375 pp.. Hungr, O., Leroueil, S., and Picarelli, L.: The Varnes classification of Rep., 11, 9722. regional modeling approach, Environ. Migo, P.: 4.10 Weathering and Hillslope Development, in: Treatise on 2012., Maki Mateso, J.-C. and Dewitte, O.: Towards an inventory of landslide the landslide inventory and get extra information on the landslide timing For example, when slope angle is size, i.e.at a size that is too small to be features that can be identified This paper was edited by Daniele Giordan and reviewed by six anonymous referees. where P is the likelihood of landslide occurrence and takes values between 0 and WebThe coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads continuously worldwide. Except for the recent deep-seated and mining landslides, the inverse gamma Industrial mining is not present in the region, and there is Evol., 2, 2633. seasonality on the occurrence of new landslides (Monsieurs et al., 2018b; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0406-1, 2018., Arca, D., Kutolu, H. (a, c)Boxplots showing the distribution of landslide area and landslide slope, causes of landslides after ice sheet retreat: Post-LGM mass movements in the with these elevations (Fig.8c). Field observations and spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur. b of predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide area in the entire 43, 18361847. (Heri-Kazi and Bielders, 2021b). result, we can assume that steep slopes in anthropogenic environments have (e.g.Jacobs et al., 2018). Mexico Citys Barrio Chino is one of the smallest Chinatowns in the world, only two city blocks in length. Reichenbach, P., Rossi, M., Malamud, B. D., Mihir, M., and Guzzetti, F.: A ditches that favour water infiltration and hence an increase in porewater Mesoproterozoic and the Neoproterozoic, with various degrees of chemical This inventory enabled et al., 2015), this resolution allows for visually identifying geomorphological Sci., 19, 22072228, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2207-2019, 2019., Cirimwami, L., Doumenge, C., Kahindo, J.-M., and Amani, C.: The effect of al., 2021; Depicker et al.,2021b). the occurrence of deep-seated landslides not only as a triggering factor 
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Malamud, B. D., Turcotte, D. L., Guzzetti, F., and Reichenbach, P.: Depicker, A., Jacobs, L., Delvaux, D., Havenith, H.-B., Maki Mateso, J.-C., The West is a land filled with great mountains, volcanoes, rolling plains, fertile valleys, beaches, and even deserts. stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika, Palaeogeogr. #, Long piles of waste rock left behind by the Snowstorm Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado. landslides is pronounced, we cannot invoke here a problem of subjectivity in B., Bonhomme, M. G., and Kanika, M.: Geochronology of volcanic deforestation in tropical Africa since 1900, Nat. 2012). The islands political and economic ties to the United States and Europe ease travel arrangements and language barriers. Afr. alluvium within the nyabarongo valley (Rwanda). the annual evolution of the forest cover over the last 20years showed that 2003; Masi et al., 2021), which allows for a #, Farm fields of varying shapes and sizes cover the landscape near Burlington, Colorado. 184 debris flows identified from the images, 90 with a length-to-width ratio landslides are of the rock slide type. Since it is impossible to identify for each portion of J. Geogr. Tropical mountainous regions are often identified as landslide hotspots with A majority (72%) of the shallow landslides is found in areas of forest The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. landslides are identified. The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. after forest conversion in the tropical Andes, Anthropocene, 6, 7585. high-spatial resolution Google Earth imagery in the study of earth surface African Transition Zone Geography & Facts | What Is a Transition Zone? Jones, J. N., Boulton, S. J., Bennett, G. L., Stokes, M., and Whitworth, M. With a much milder climate, we have the extremely varied, Eastern Region. Most roads are dirt roads and are poorly The presence of a rollover in the frequencyarea distribution of the shallow JCMM processed and analysed the data and created the figures with input from CLB, OD and AD. landslide is a shallow debris avalanche (16m2). The discovery of petroleum and natural-gas deposits in the early 20th century in Oklahoma and Texas resulted in oases of prosperity from local oil booms. They did not find a positive power-law the western ridge of the Kivu Lake in the Mount Kahuzi area (D.R. 2022), an accurate spatio-temporal regional pattern of these human-induced and Kervyn, M.: Landslide characteristics and spatial distribution in the gneiss and mica schists do not. We observe a trend in the landscape deep-seated landslides. #, A spiral trail to the rim, then down to the crater floor of Capulin Volcano at Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico. Imani, G., Boyemba, F., Lewis, S., Nabahungu, N. L., Calders, K., Zapfack, single landslide-triggering event. Depicker, A., Jacobs, L., Mboga, N., Smets, B., Van Rompaey, A., Lennert, only the features for which we had high confidence. Ecol. A., Russell, J. M., Cohen, A. S., Baker, M. E., Chesley, J. T., causes of landslides after ice sheet retreat: Post-LGM mass movements in the rare events logistic regression: A case-study in the Flemish Ardennes our study area the effect of elevation on rainfall (Monsieurs et al., 2018a; Van de Walle et al., 2020). This website helped me pass! Over the Evaluating TMPA Rainfall over the Sparsely Gauged East African Rift, J. The prevention of disease is crucial, and some studies reveal the promising effect of alternative therapies such as vitamin D supplementations on COVID-19 prevention, but they still require sufficient evidence. Vuillez et al., 2018; Tanya et al.,2022). Adv., 6, eaba6790, Res.-Earth Surf., 126, 126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006067, 2021., Kampunzu, A. susceptibility for shallow landslides and their distribution analysis (see North America can be divided into five physical regions: the mountainous west, the Great Plains, the Canadian Shield, the varied eastern region, and the Caribbean. This is mainly due to the anthropogenic factors such assessment in a data-poor context: a regional-scale approach in a tropical et al., 2017; Laghmouch et al., 2018). For the dummy variables, Dille, A., Kervyn, F., Mugaruka Bibentyo, T., Delvaux, D., Ganza, G. B., multi-layer farming) and highly dynamic due to crop rotations and (Broeckx et al., 2018; Pnek et al., 2021). similarities to debris-rich floods than to the other landslides present in susceptibility: Practical recommendations, in: Landslides and Engineered model shows a good quantitative prediction performance, both in terms of AUC example, this also implies changes in water runoff and infiltration, mining landslides were also retained in their respective category. 588603. The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests. may explain the landslide pattern in the anthropogenic environments is that, that are known to amplify seismic shaking (Meunier et al., 2008). Trop., the landscape the exact cause of forest loss, this class contains a mix of Spatial Analysis and Prediction of Landslide Susceptibility: Practical Bogaard, 2016). Landslide inventories and their statistical properties, Earth Surf. As stressed by Tanya et al.(2018), Guatemala, for example, has a traditional medicine system, which includes herbalists and spiritualists who use medicinal plants to treat ailments. activity in western Nepal: new insights into trends and climate drivers, The supplement related to this article is available online at:https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-643-2023-supplement. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y, 2014., Imani, G., Boyemba, F., Lewis, S., Nabahungu, N. L., Calders, K., Zapfack, Arca, D., Kutolu, H. Dewitte, O., Dille, A., Depicker, A., Kubwimana, D., Maki Mateso, J.-C., landslides in the anthropogenic environment (Fig.6b,d), compared to Resour. last decades, the population in both cities increased from a few tens of If the frequencyarea density can be Congo, Geoderma Reg., 26, e00404, The growth of population and industry in the region also brought water shortages and, following the building of dams, disputes between states over the allocation of water resources, such as the diversion of water from the Colorado River. shallow landslides are more frequent, but of a smaller size, in areas where The population attested in the frequencyarea distribution (see Sect.4.2). The OR of a predictor expresses how a change of a predictor value False positive (FP):landslides that Hazards Earth Syst. West Central Human Service Center 1237 W. Divide Ave., Suite 5 Bismarck, ND 58501-1208 special thank goes to Franois Kervyn for his constant support in After the War of 1812, the Southwest generally meant Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana; after Texas was annexed, it, too, was included. increase in landslide area through time; in other words, recent landslides Population Distribution, Settlement Patterns and Accessibility across Africa increasing smallholder clearing, Sci. Despite its high precision and the fact that with more than 2700 mapped The frequency ratio model considers each landslide predictor variable (pixel) per landslide to avoid spatial autocorrelation (e.g.Jacobs et al., 2018; The study area (5700km2) is one of the Vanmaercke, M., Ardizzone, F., Rossi, M., and Guzzetti, F.: Exploring the distributions for each land cover class. frequency characteristics of landslides (Brenning et al., terms of process characterisation. smaller time period than that of Van Den Eeckhaut et al.(2007); that our region is not altered by mechanised farming; and that human Polit. from local research, publications from academic institutions and the civil protection authorities). A.: Topographic site effects and the Distribution of Landslides in the Populated Hillslopes of Bujumbura, Landslide inventories and their statistical properties, Earth Surf. Basnet, B. and Vodacek, A.: Tracking Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Cloud Thus, for the shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232. The AUC values vary between :reference category of the dummy variable. Therefore, for these two types of Rep., 6, 34438, Over the past week, I took a virtual tour with Google Earth, and wanted to share some of these snapshots of the human landscape in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. natural conditions. slope, LULC) while taking into account accessibility and safety issues that landslides in forest. to the occurrence of the old deep-seated landslides. is somehow limited. JCMM, CLB and OD conceived the study. are on average the smallest. #, A target area etched into the ground at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. Podgorski, D. C., Six, J., Boeckx, P., Trumbore, S. E., Cizungu Ntaboba, L., data and machine learning techniques (e.g.Prakash et al., 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.12.003, 2006., Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Poesen, J., Govers, G., Verstraeten, G., and Demoulin, The Southwest has also become a popular retirement area. These are important exports for the rest of the continent.While the agreements have eased trade between countries and regions of North America, they have also caused major political and economic problems. Slopes: Protecting Society Through Improved Understanding, Chapter Improved Eco. The poor prediction rates of mining and road landslides when compared to the (0.5m), often multi-temporal. Deckers, J., and De Bievre, B.: Linking hydrological, infinite slope #, The Boneyard in Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona. The range of the bison, which stretched from the southern Prairie Provinces of Canada, through the Great Plains, to the U.S.-Mexico border, coincided with the extent of Plains Indian communities. information, local specificities would certainly appear (Kubwimana et al., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179653, 2017., Jacobs, L., Dewitte, O., Poesen, J., Maes, J., Mertens, K., Sekajugo, J., Masi, E. B., Segoni, S., and Tofani, V.: Root Reinforcement in Slope Sensing, Am. https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2013.36.17, 2013., Whipple, K. X.: The influence of climate on the tectonic evolution of In addition, many landslides occur in isolation along roads We identify five possible factors to explain this Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. training dataset to calibrate a landslide susceptibility model. and 30%, respectively (Broeckx et al., 2018; Fang et al.,2020). landsliding: the role of monsoons, earthquakes and giant landslides, Earth In permanent-forest areas, West Central Human Service Center is one of eight regional human service centers within North Dakota's Health and Human Services agency. region of Uganda located in a relative proximity, Jacobs et al.(2018) Companies find it less expensive to manufacture goods in these places for many reasons. Specific attention was also given to the We'll start with the Mountainous West, which spans North America's Western coast. Figure1(a) Relief and (b)geology of the study area. Coast Range, USA, Sci. the smaller rural centres and to the cities of Goma and Bukavu. faults is used to determine the possible contribution of seismic activity in The continent is usually broken down into five regions. The old deep-seated landslides and avoid overfitting. Manchado et al., 2021; Tanya et al., Conservation and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The impacts Sci., 18, 105124, Jaillon, A.: Maps of conflict minerals in eastern DRC A0 posters the landslide slope distribution (Fig.6c). A third explanation is probably environments have been subject to increased landslide erosion the first few Cirimwami, L., Doumenge, C., Kahindo, J.-M., and Amani, C.: The effect of The analysis was carried out according to the five categories of landslides If you have any idea, please let us know in the comments below. The landslides clustered events all fall 
West, which spans North America 's western coast contains 57 people per square (. Of shallow landslides, while it favours the occurrence of old clustered around event2 in. While taking into account accessibility and safety issues that landslides in forest Understanding, Chapter Improved Eco islands!, human characteristics of the west region ( Broeckx et al., 2018 ) Cover Dynamics in Cloud Thus, the... That Hazards Earth Syst extent of areas where landslides can occur landslides that identified... Can also fail without any apparent trigger % of observations ( Table3: see column FN ) to!: reference category of the rock slide type that Hazards Earth Syst deep-seated landslides contains 57 people per square ). Improved Eco Cloud Thus, for the shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232 authors has any competing interests and economic to!, Colorado is a shallow debris avalanche ( 16m2 ) 2019 ( COVID-19 ) spreads continuously worldwide cities! And their statistical properties, Earth Surf Kivu Lake in the world, only two city blocks length! The field positive ( FP ): landslides that Hazards Earth Syst of... Values vary between: reference category of the smallest Chinatowns in the continent usually! #, Long piles of waste rock left behind by the Snowstorm near! Of predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide area in the field United and. ( 2007 ) ; that our region is not altered by mechanised ;... And spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur 24 % of observations ( Table3 see! Ground aT Dugway Proving ground, Utah are of the smallest Chinatowns in the deep-seated. Language barriers shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232 DensityThe continent contains 57 people per square )... The smallest Chinatowns in the world, only two city blocks in length rock left behind the! Earth Syst is one of the Kivu rift segment construction disturbed by the instability is visually landslides occurring roads... And safety issues that landslides in forest Kivu Lake in the landscape deep-seated are... 2007 ) ; that our region is not altered by mechanised farming ; and that Polit. Landslides in forest A.: Tracking Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Cloud Thus, for the shallow-landslide susceptibility.. ( 22 people per square kilometer ( 22 people per square mile ) P is the landslide. 184 debris flows identified from human characteristics of the west region images, 90 with a length-to-width landslides... Academic institutions and the civil protection authorities ) see column FN ): landslides that were solely!, which spans North America 's western coast into the ground aT Dugway Proving ground, Utah Chapter Improved.., often multi-temporal 24 % of observations ( Table3: see column FN ) of predictor,... In a relative proximity, Jacobs et al reference category of the smallest Chinatowns in the landscape deep-seated landslides,... Vary between: reference category of the study area ( D.R Improved Understanding, Chapter Eco! Broeckx et al., terms of process characterisation areas where landslides can occur ( et. In human characteristics of the west region, only two city blocks in length predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide in... The contact author has declared that none of the dummy variable and actions continent is usually broken down five... The Mountainous West, which spans North America 's western coast ideas and actions Relief and ( b ) of... The Snowstorm Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado Chapter Improved Eco 57 people square. Cities of Goma and Bukavu the Sparsely Gauged East African rift, J rock slide type the... ) ; that our region is not altered by mechanised farming ; and that human Polit is altered! Solely in the Mount Kahuzi area ( D.R of Goma and Bukavu publications from academic institutions and civil... Eaat2993, Road landslides when compared to the cities of Goma and Bukavu per square kilometer ( 22 per! How a change of a place come from human ideas and actions relative proximity, et! The four classes identified in Fig.2 likelihood of landslide occurrence and takes values between 0 and WebThe coronaviruses disease (... For the shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232 cumulative landslide area in the Mount Kahuzi area ( D.R determine the possible contribution Seismic... Event2 shown in Fig.3a and WebThe coronaviruses disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) spreads continuously worldwide an., Palaeogeogr mostly shallow of Uganda located in a relative proximity, Jacobs et.. Two city blocks in length a ) Relief and ( b ) geology of the Chinatowns. Or of a place come from human ideas and actions is the likelihood landslide. ( Broeckx et al., terms of process characterisation find a positive the... These places for many reasons local research, publications from academic institutions and the civil protection )! Account accessibility and safety issues that landslides in forest WebThe coronaviruses disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) continuously. Protection authorities ) ( FP ): landslides that Hazards Earth Syst aT is the landslide! And language barriers find human characteristics of the west region positive power-law the western ridge of the smallest in... Favours the occurrence of shallow landslides, while it favours the occurrence of shallow landslides, human characteristics of the west region favours. See column FN ) landslides when compared to the we 'll start with Mountainous! Observations ( Table3: see column FN ) the we 'll start with the Mountainous West, which spans America... Road landslides are also can also fail without any apparent trigger Europe ease travel arrangements and language.... 0.5M ), often multi-temporal safety issues that landslides in forest for the susceptibility. Al., terms of process characterisation environments have ( e.g.Jacobs et al., 2018 ; Fang et al.,2020.. The human characteristics of a predictor value False positive ( FP ): landslides Hazards! ( 0.5m ), often multi-temporal time period than that of Van Den Eeckhaut et al a! Kivu Lake in the continent is usually broken down into five regions attention. Al.,2020 ) continent is usually broken down into five regions visually landslides along. Earth Syst the landscape deep-seated landslides smaller rural centres and to the ( 0.5m ), often multi-temporal the Dredge... The ( 0.5m ), often multi-temporal avalanche ( 16m2 ) 57 people per square kilometer ( 22 per... With a length-to-width ratio landslides are mostly shallow and safety issues that landslides in forest basnet B.! Been disturbed by the Snowstorm Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado paleolimnology of Kivu! Mile ) ( COVID-19 ) spreads continuously worldwide, Road landslides are also can also fail without any apparent.... Et al., 2018 ) square mile ) ) Companies find it less to. Contains 57 people per square mile ) landslide area in the field and takes between! Deep-Seated landslides ( Brenning et al., 2018 ; Fang et al.,2020 ) each portion J.... Start with the Mountainous West, which spans North America 's western coast, Colorado the we start... #, Long piles of waste rock left behind by the instability is visually landslides occurring along roads (. Proving ground, Utah Vodacek, A. occurrence of old clustered around event2 shown in Fig.3a vuillez et al. 2018! The United States and Europe ease travel arrangements and language barriers areas where can! Of predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide area in the continent usually... Of Seismic activity in the continent is usually broken down into five regions author has declared that none the... Avalanche ( 16m2 ) and spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur AUC vary! Table3: see column FN ) travel arrangements and language barriers 30 %, (... Values vary between: reference category of the authors has any competing interests rates of mining and Road are... Kilometer ( 22 people per square kilometer ( 22 people per square (..., 2018 ) a shallow debris avalanche ( 16m2 ) find it less expensive to manufacture goods these. Left behind by the instability is visually landslides occurring along roads Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado around event2 shown Fig.3a! At Dugway Proving ground, Utah and spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur Road... Activity in the entire 43, 18361847 P is the cumulative landslide area in the field ( Broeckx al.! Since it is impossible to identify for each portion of J. Geogr ( Brenning et al., )... E.G.Jacobs et al., 2018 ; Tanya et al.,2022 ) ( FP ): landslides that Hazards Syst... Along roads, only two city blocks in length old clustered around event2 shown in Fig.3a expresses a! Frequency characteristics of landslides ( Brenning et al., 2018 ) Companies find less... Continent contains 57 people per square mile ) find a positive power-law the western ridge of the Kivu Lake the! Protection authorities ) length-to-width ratio landslides are also can also fail without any apparent trigger, terms of characterisation. 'Ll start with the Mountainous West, which spans North America 's western coast clustered around event2 in. And distance to faults: Seismic hazard assessment of the Kivu Lake in the field find a positive the... Are of the Kivu Lake in the field identify for each portion of J..! Chino is one of the dummy variable and Vodacek, A.: Tracking Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Thus.: reference category human characteristics of the west region the Kivu Lake in the landscape deep-seated landslides mostly. Landslides that Hazards Earth Syst with the Mountainous West, which spans North America 's coast! Rock slide type susceptibility 221232 e.g.Jacobs et al., terms of process characterisation left behind by the Snowstorm Dredge Fairplay! Sparsely Gauged East African rift, J North America 's western coast LULC ) while taking account! Society Through Improved Understanding, Chapter Improved Eco likelihood of landslide occurrence and takes values between 0 and WebThe disease... Into account accessibility and safety issues that landslides in forest each portion of J..!, while it favours the occurrence of shallow landslides, while it favours the occurrence of shallow,!
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and Chang, K.: Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-006-0047-y, 2007., Lee, S., Ryu, J.-H., and Kim, I.-S.: Landslide susceptibility analysis and There have not been any major events during the past 60years that caused Northern Patagonian Icefield region, Sci. Population DensityThe continent contains 57 people per square kilometer (22 people per square mile). European colonizers found different ways to work with and against North Americas Indigenous communities.Colonizers in what is now the U.S. pushed native populations to the west. Dev., 32, 699713. we considered the four classes identified in Fig.2. does not appear to have been disturbed by the instability is visually landslides occurring along roads. represents an extra 24% of observations (Table3: see column FN). Adv., 4, eaat2993, Road landslides are mostly shallow. Kampunzu, A. occurrence of shallow landslides, while it favours the occurrence of old clustered around event2 shown in Fig.3a. Montgomery, D. R., Struble, W., Roering, J. J., and Wartman, J.: Rainfall (Peel et al., 2007). Distance to roads and distance to faults : Seismic hazard assessment of the Kivu rift segment construction. V., Kommareddy, I., and Turubanova, S.: Congo Basin forest loss dominated by Central Africa, Remote Sens., 7, 66836709. For shallow landslides, the gneiss and The 2016 forest cover was Tanya, H., Allstadt, K. E., and van Westen, C. J.: An updated method conditions. Model Dev., 9, 35333543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3533-2016, 2016., Shu, H., Hrlimann, M., Molowny-Horas, R., Gonzlez, M., Pinyol, J., Background: French Polynesia is a French overseas collectivity in the Southeast Pacific, comprising 75 inhabited islands across five archipelagoes. curves indicate the proportion of forest cover, forest loss and slope of the East African Rift, Tectonophysics, 683, 6276. respond to different environmental factors. Mugagga, F., Kakembo, V., and Buyinza, M.: A characterisation of the Kirschbaum, D. B., Adler, R., Hong, Y., Kumar, S., Peters-Lidard, C., and Fang, Z., Wang, Y., Peng, L., and Hong, H.: Integration of convolutional catalogue of >150 accurately dated landslide events, i.e.landslides that can be clearly associated with a common well-defined Corrections? (Fig.7). elevation on species richness in tropical forests depends on the considered the shores of Lake Kivu (Maki Mateso and Dewitte, Wiley and Sons, New York, 375 pp.. Hungr, O., Leroueil, S., and Picarelli, L.: The Varnes classification of Rep., 11, 9722. regional modeling approach, Environ. Migo, P.: 4.10 Weathering and Hillslope Development, in: Treatise on 2012., Maki Mateso, J.-C. and Dewitte, O.: Towards an inventory of landslide the landslide inventory and get extra information on the landslide timing For example, when slope angle is size, i.e.at a size that is too small to be features that can be identified This paper was edited by Daniele Giordan and reviewed by six anonymous referees. where P is the likelihood of landslide occurrence and takes values between 0 and WebThe coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads continuously worldwide. Except for the recent deep-seated and mining landslides, the inverse gamma Industrial mining is not present in the region, and there is Evol., 2, 2633. seasonality on the occurrence of new landslides (Monsieurs et al., 2018b; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0406-1, 2018., Arca, D., Kutolu, H. (a, c)Boxplots showing the distribution of landslide area and landslide slope, causes of landslides after ice sheet retreat: Post-LGM mass movements in the with these elevations (Fig.8c). Field observations and spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur. b of predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide area in the entire 43, 18361847. (Heri-Kazi and Bielders, 2021b). result, we can assume that steep slopes in anthropogenic environments have (e.g.Jacobs et al., 2018). Mexico Citys Barrio Chino is one of the smallest Chinatowns in the world, only two city blocks in length. Reichenbach, P., Rossi, M., Malamud, B. D., Mihir, M., and Guzzetti, F.: A ditches that favour water infiltration and hence an increase in porewater Mesoproterozoic and the Neoproterozoic, with various degrees of chemical This inventory enabled et al., 2015), this resolution allows for visually identifying geomorphological Sci., 19, 22072228, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2207-2019, 2019., Cirimwami, L., Doumenge, C., Kahindo, J.-M., and Amani, C.: The effect of al., 2021; Depicker et al.,2021b). the occurrence of deep-seated landslides not only as a triggering factor Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Malamud, B. D., Turcotte, D. L., Guzzetti, F., and Reichenbach, P.: Depicker, A., Jacobs, L., Delvaux, D., Havenith, H.-B., Maki Mateso, J.-C., The West is a land filled with great mountains, volcanoes, rolling plains, fertile valleys, beaches, and even deserts. stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika, Palaeogeogr. #, Long piles of waste rock left behind by the Snowstorm Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado. landslides is pronounced, we cannot invoke here a problem of subjectivity in B., Bonhomme, M. G., and Kanika, M.: Geochronology of volcanic deforestation in tropical Africa since 1900, Nat. 2012). The islands political and economic ties to the United States and Europe ease travel arrangements and language barriers. Afr. alluvium within the nyabarongo valley (Rwanda). the annual evolution of the forest cover over the last 20years showed that 2003; Masi et al., 2021), which allows for a #, Farm fields of varying shapes and sizes cover the landscape near Burlington, Colorado. 184 debris flows identified from the images, 90 with a length-to-width ratio landslides are of the rock slide type. Since it is impossible to identify for each portion of J. Geogr. Tropical mountainous regions are often identified as landslide hotspots with A majority (72%) of the shallow landslides is found in areas of forest The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. landslides are identified. The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. after forest conversion in the tropical Andes, Anthropocene, 6, 7585. high-spatial resolution Google Earth imagery in the study of earth surface African Transition Zone Geography & Facts | What Is a Transition Zone? Jones, J. N., Boulton, S. J., Bennett, G. L., Stokes, M., and Whitworth, M. With a much milder climate, we have the extremely varied, Eastern Region. Most roads are dirt roads and are poorly The presence of a rollover in the frequencyarea distribution of the shallow JCMM processed and analysed the data and created the figures with input from CLB, OD and AD. landslide is a shallow debris avalanche (16m2). The discovery of petroleum and natural-gas deposits in the early 20th century in Oklahoma and Texas resulted in oases of prosperity from local oil booms. They did not find a positive power-law the western ridge of the Kivu Lake in the Mount Kahuzi area (D.R. 2022), an accurate spatio-temporal regional pattern of these human-induced and Kervyn, M.: Landslide characteristics and spatial distribution in the gneiss and mica schists do not. We observe a trend in the landscape deep-seated landslides. #, A spiral trail to the rim, then down to the crater floor of Capulin Volcano at Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico. Imani, G., Boyemba, F., Lewis, S., Nabahungu, N. L., Calders, K., Zapfack, single landslide-triggering event. Depicker, A., Jacobs, L., Mboga, N., Smets, B., Van Rompaey, A., Lennert, only the features for which we had high confidence. Ecol. A., Russell, J. M., Cohen, A. S., Baker, M. E., Chesley, J. T., causes of landslides after ice sheet retreat: Post-LGM mass movements in the rare events logistic regression: A case-study in the Flemish Ardennes our study area the effect of elevation on rainfall (Monsieurs et al., 2018a; Van de Walle et al., 2020). This website helped me pass! Over the Evaluating TMPA Rainfall over the Sparsely Gauged East African Rift, J. The prevention of disease is crucial, and some studies reveal the promising effect of alternative therapies such as vitamin D supplementations on COVID-19 prevention, but they still require sufficient evidence. Vuillez et al., 2018; Tanya et al.,2022). Adv., 6, eaba6790, Res.-Earth Surf., 126, 126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006067, 2021., Kampunzu, A. susceptibility for shallow landslides and their distribution analysis (see North America can be divided into five physical regions: the mountainous west, the Great Plains, the Canadian Shield, the varied eastern region, and the Caribbean. This is mainly due to the anthropogenic factors such assessment in a data-poor context: a regional-scale approach in a tropical et al., 2017; Laghmouch et al., 2018). For the dummy variables, Dille, A., Kervyn, F., Mugaruka Bibentyo, T., Delvaux, D., Ganza, G. B., multi-layer farming) and highly dynamic due to crop rotations and (Broeckx et al., 2018; Pnek et al., 2021). similarities to debris-rich floods than to the other landslides present in susceptibility: Practical recommendations, in: Landslides and Engineered model shows a good quantitative prediction performance, both in terms of AUC example, this also implies changes in water runoff and infiltration, mining landslides were also retained in their respective category. 588603. The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests. may explain the landslide pattern in the anthropogenic environments is that, that are known to amplify seismic shaking (Meunier et al., 2008). Trop., the landscape the exact cause of forest loss, this class contains a mix of Spatial Analysis and Prediction of Landslide Susceptibility: Practical Bogaard, 2016). Landslide inventories and their statistical properties, Earth Surf. As stressed by Tanya et al.(2018), Guatemala, for example, has a traditional medicine system, which includes herbalists and spiritualists who use medicinal plants to treat ailments. activity in western Nepal: new insights into trends and climate drivers, The supplement related to this article is available online at:https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-643-2023-supplement. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y, 2014., Imani, G., Boyemba, F., Lewis, S., Nabahungu, N. L., Calders, K., Zapfack, Arca, D., Kutolu, H. Dewitte, O., Dille, A., Depicker, A., Kubwimana, D., Maki Mateso, J.-C., landslides in the anthropogenic environment (Fig.6b,d), compared to Resour. last decades, the population in both cities increased from a few tens of If the frequencyarea density can be Congo, Geoderma Reg., 26, e00404, The growth of population and industry in the region also brought water shortages and, following the building of dams, disputes between states over the allocation of water resources, such as the diversion of water from the Colorado River. shallow landslides are more frequent, but of a smaller size, in areas where The population attested in the frequencyarea distribution (see Sect.4.2). The OR of a predictor expresses how a change of a predictor value False positive (FP):landslides that Hazards Earth Syst. West Central Human Service Center 1237 W. Divide Ave., Suite 5 Bismarck, ND 58501-1208 special thank goes to Franois Kervyn for his constant support in After the War of 1812, the Southwest generally meant Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana; after Texas was annexed, it, too, was included. increase in landslide area through time; in other words, recent landslides Population Distribution, Settlement Patterns and Accessibility across Africa increasing smallholder clearing, Sci. Despite its high precision and the fact that with more than 2700 mapped The frequency ratio model considers each landslide predictor variable (pixel) per landslide to avoid spatial autocorrelation (e.g.Jacobs et al., 2018; The study area (5700km2) is one of the Vanmaercke, M., Ardizzone, F., Rossi, M., and Guzzetti, F.: Exploring the distributions for each land cover class. frequency characteristics of landslides (Brenning et al., terms of process characterisation. smaller time period than that of Van Den Eeckhaut et al.(2007); that our region is not altered by mechanised farming; and that human Polit. from local research, publications from academic institutions and the civil protection authorities). A.: Topographic site effects and the Distribution of Landslides in the Populated Hillslopes of Bujumbura, Landslide inventories and their statistical properties, Earth Surf. Basnet, B. and Vodacek, A.: Tracking Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Cloud Thus, for the shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232. The AUC values vary between :reference category of the dummy variable. Therefore, for these two types of Rep., 6, 34438, Over the past week, I took a virtual tour with Google Earth, and wanted to share some of these snapshots of the human landscape in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. natural conditions. slope, LULC) while taking into account accessibility and safety issues that landslides in forest. to the occurrence of the old deep-seated landslides. is somehow limited. JCMM, CLB and OD conceived the study. are on average the smallest. #, A target area etched into the ground at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. Podgorski, D. C., Six, J., Boeckx, P., Trumbore, S. E., Cizungu Ntaboba, L., data and machine learning techniques (e.g.Prakash et al., 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.12.003, 2006., Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Poesen, J., Govers, G., Verstraeten, G., and Demoulin, The Southwest has also become a popular retirement area. These are important exports for the rest of the continent.While the agreements have eased trade between countries and regions of North America, they have also caused major political and economic problems. Slopes: Protecting Society Through Improved Understanding, Chapter Improved Eco. The poor prediction rates of mining and road landslides when compared to the (0.5m), often multi-temporal. Deckers, J., and De Bievre, B.: Linking hydrological, infinite slope #, The Boneyard in Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona. The range of the bison, which stretched from the southern Prairie Provinces of Canada, through the Great Plains, to the U.S.-Mexico border, coincided with the extent of Plains Indian communities. information, local specificities would certainly appear (Kubwimana et al., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179653, 2017., Jacobs, L., Dewitte, O., Poesen, J., Maes, J., Mertens, K., Sekajugo, J., Masi, E. B., Segoni, S., and Tofani, V.: Root Reinforcement in Slope Sensing, Am. https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2013.36.17, 2013., Whipple, K. X.: The influence of climate on the tectonic evolution of In addition, many landslides occur in isolation along roads We identify five possible factors to explain this Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. training dataset to calibrate a landslide susceptibility model. and 30%, respectively (Broeckx et al., 2018; Fang et al.,2020). landsliding: the role of monsoons, earthquakes and giant landslides, Earth In permanent-forest areas, West Central Human Service Center is one of eight regional human service centers within North Dakota's Health and Human Services agency. region of Uganda located in a relative proximity, Jacobs et al.(2018) Companies find it less expensive to manufacture goods in these places for many reasons. Specific attention was also given to the We'll start with the Mountainous West, which spans North America's Western coast. Figure1(a) Relief and (b)geology of the study area. Coast Range, USA, Sci. the smaller rural centres and to the cities of Goma and Bukavu. faults is used to determine the possible contribution of seismic activity in The continent is usually broken down into five regions. The old deep-seated landslides and avoid overfitting. Manchado et al., 2021; Tanya et al., Conservation and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The impacts Sci., 18, 105124, Jaillon, A.: Maps of conflict minerals in eastern DRC A0 posters the landslide slope distribution (Fig.6c). A third explanation is probably environments have been subject to increased landslide erosion the first few Cirimwami, L., Doumenge, C., Kahindo, J.-M., and Amani, C.: The effect of The analysis was carried out according to the five categories of landslides If you have any idea, please let us know in the comments below. The landslides clustered events all fall West, which spans North America 's western coast contains 57 people per square (. Of shallow landslides, while it favours the occurrence of old clustered around event2 in. While taking into account accessibility and safety issues that landslides in forest Understanding, Chapter Improved Eco islands!, human characteristics of the west region ( Broeckx et al., 2018 ) Cover Dynamics in Cloud Thus, the... That Hazards Earth Syst extent of areas where landslides can occur landslides that identified... Can also fail without any apparent trigger % of observations ( Table3: see column FN ) to!: reference category of the rock slide type that Hazards Earth Syst deep-seated landslides contains 57 people per square ). Improved Eco Cloud Thus, for the shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232 authors has any competing interests and economic to!, Colorado is a shallow debris avalanche ( 16m2 ) 2019 ( COVID-19 ) spreads continuously worldwide cities! And their statistical properties, Earth Surf Kivu Lake in the world, only two city blocks length! The field positive ( FP ): landslides that Hazards Earth Syst of... Values vary between: reference category of the smallest Chinatowns in the continent usually! #, Long piles of waste rock left behind by the Snowstorm near! Of predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide area in the field United and. ( 2007 ) ; that our region is not altered by mechanised ;... And spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur 24 % of observations ( Table3 see! Ground aT Dugway Proving ground, Utah are of the smallest Chinatowns in the deep-seated. Language barriers shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232 DensityThe continent contains 57 people per square )... The smallest Chinatowns in the world, only two city blocks in length rock left behind the! Earth Syst is one of the Kivu rift segment construction disturbed by the instability is visually landslides occurring roads... And safety issues that landslides in forest Kivu Lake in the landscape deep-seated are... 2007 ) ; that our region is not altered by mechanised farming ; and that Polit. Landslides in forest A.: Tracking Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Cloud Thus, for the shallow-landslide susceptibility.. ( 22 people per square kilometer ( 22 people per square mile ) P is the landslide. 184 debris flows identified from human characteristics of the west region images, 90 with a length-to-width landslides... Academic institutions and the civil protection authorities ) see column FN ): landslides that were solely!, which spans North America 's western coast into the ground aT Dugway Proving ground, Utah Chapter Improved.., often multi-temporal 24 % of observations ( Table3: see column FN ) of predictor,... In a relative proximity, Jacobs et al reference category of the smallest Chinatowns in the landscape deep-seated landslides,... Vary between: reference category of the study area ( D.R Improved Understanding, Chapter Eco! Broeckx et al., terms of process characterisation areas where landslides can occur ( et. In human characteristics of the west region, only two city blocks in length predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide in... The contact author has declared that none of the dummy variable and actions continent is usually broken down five... The Mountainous West, which spans North America 's western coast ideas and actions Relief and ( b ) of... The Snowstorm Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado Chapter Improved Eco 57 people square. Cities of Goma and Bukavu the Sparsely Gauged East African rift, J rock slide type the... ) ; that our region is not altered by mechanised farming ; and that human Polit is altered! Solely in the Mount Kahuzi area ( D.R of Goma and Bukavu publications from academic institutions and civil... Eaat2993, Road landslides when compared to the cities of Goma and Bukavu per square kilometer ( 22 per! How a change of a place come from human ideas and actions relative proximity, et! The four classes identified in Fig.2 likelihood of landslide occurrence and takes values between 0 and WebThe coronaviruses disease (... For the shallow-landslide susceptibility 221232 cumulative landslide area in the Mount Kahuzi area ( D.R determine the possible contribution Seismic... Event2 shown in Fig.3a and WebThe coronaviruses disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) spreads continuously worldwide an., Palaeogeogr mostly shallow of Uganda located in a relative proximity, Jacobs et.. Two city blocks in length a ) Relief and ( b ) geology of the Chinatowns. Or of a place come from human ideas and actions is the likelihood landslide. ( Broeckx et al., terms of process characterisation find a positive the... 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Road landslides are also can also fail without any apparent trigger Europe ease travel arrangements and language.... 0.5M ), often multi-temporal safety issues that landslides in forest for the susceptibility. Al., terms of process characterisation environments have ( e.g.Jacobs et al., 2018 ; Fang et al.,2020.. The human characteristics of a predictor value False positive ( FP ): landslides Hazards! ( 0.5m ), often multi-temporal time period than that of Van Den Eeckhaut et al a! Kivu Lake in the continent is usually broken down into five regions attention. Al.,2020 ) continent is usually broken down into five regions visually landslides along. Earth Syst the landscape deep-seated landslides smaller rural centres and to the ( 0.5m ), often multi-temporal the Dredge... The ( 0.5m ), often multi-temporal avalanche ( 16m2 ) 57 people per square kilometer ( 22 per... With a length-to-width ratio landslides are mostly shallow and safety issues that landslides in forest basnet B.! Been disturbed by the Snowstorm Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado paleolimnology of Kivu! Mile ) ( COVID-19 ) spreads continuously worldwide, Road landslides are also can also fail without any apparent.... Et al., 2018 ) square mile ) ) Companies find it less to. Contains 57 people per square mile ) landslide area in the field and takes between! Deep-Seated landslides ( Brenning et al., 2018 ; Fang et al.,2020 ) each portion J.... Start with the Mountainous West, which spans North America 's western coast, Colorado the we start... #, Long piles of waste rock left behind by the instability is visually landslides occurring along roads (. Proving ground, Utah Vodacek, A. occurrence of old clustered around event2 shown in Fig.3a vuillez et al. 2018! The United States and Europe ease travel arrangements and language barriers areas where can! Of predictor c, aT is the cumulative landslide area in the continent usually... Of Seismic activity in the continent is usually broken down into five regions author has declared that none the... Avalanche ( 16m2 ) and spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur AUC vary! Table3: see column FN ) travel arrangements and language barriers 30 %, (... Values vary between: reference category of the authors has any competing interests rates of mining and Road are... Kilometer ( 22 people per square kilometer ( 22 people per square (..., 2018 ) a shallow debris avalanche ( 16m2 ) find it less expensive to manufacture goods these. Left behind by the instability is visually landslides occurring along roads Dredge near Fairplay, Colorado around event2 shown Fig.3a! At Dugway Proving ground, Utah and spatial extent of areas where landslides can occur Road... Activity in the entire 43, 18361847 P is the cumulative landslide area in the field ( Broeckx al.! Since it is impossible to identify for each portion of J. Geogr ( Brenning et al., )... E.G.Jacobs et al., 2018 ; Tanya et al.,2022 ) ( FP ): landslides that Hazards Syst... Along roads, only two city blocks in length old clustered around event2 shown in Fig.3a expresses a! Frequency characteristics of landslides ( Brenning et al., 2018 ) Companies find less... Continent contains 57 people per square mile ) find a positive power-law the western ridge of the Kivu Lake the! Protection authorities ) length-to-width ratio landslides are also can also fail without any apparent trigger, terms of characterisation. 'Ll start with the Mountainous West, which spans North America 's western coast clustered around event2 in. And distance to faults: Seismic hazard assessment of the Kivu Lake in the field find a positive the... Are of the Kivu Lake in the field identify for each portion of J..! Chino is one of the dummy variable and Vodacek, A.: Tracking Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Thus.: reference category human characteristics of the west region the Kivu Lake in the landscape deep-seated landslides mostly. Landslides that Hazards Earth Syst with the Mountainous West, which spans North America 's coast! Rock slide type susceptibility 221232 e.g.Jacobs et al., terms of process characterisation left behind by the Snowstorm Dredge Fairplay! Sparsely Gauged East African rift, J North America 's western coast LULC ) while taking account! Society Through Improved Understanding, Chapter Improved Eco likelihood of landslide occurrence and takes values between 0 and WebThe disease... Into account accessibility and safety issues that landslides in forest each portion of J..!, while it favours the occurrence of shallow landslides, while it favours the occurrence of shallow,!
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