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Rajatarangini belongs. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Sanskrit The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Rajatarangini - Wikipedia Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. Her son was Chippatajayapida. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. After ruling indirectly and directly. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Verse 12. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? elsewhere. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. How do people make money on survival on Mars? Son of Sukhavarman. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Answer. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. Wife of Damodara. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Verse 14. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Verse 12. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. He was known for his religious tolerance. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Kalhana was a poet. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Persian Literature During Delhi Sultanate - MCQ Books Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Son of Sangramapida II. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Mughal Sultanate Flashcards | Quizlet Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Mughal contributions to literature and Music - KPSC Exam Free Notes Murdered by Radda. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics A Short Note On Kalhana's Rajatarangini - Unacademy He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. The. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. The relative Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Request Permissions. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Medieval Literature | PDF | Persian Literature | Mughal Empire - Scribd It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Devout Shaivite. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. 1 He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Verse 13. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Corrections? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Zain-ul-Abidin - Wikipedia Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After that, the English translation. in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. It does not store any personal data. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. . The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. He stopped the killing of cows by means . His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. A Persian Mahabharata: The 1598-1599 Razmnama Published online by Cambridge University Press: Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. An unpopular king, he was killed. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Verse 13. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Verse 15. View all Google Scholar citations [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. university presses. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. in Persian - Gilaki-Persian Dictionary | Glosbe Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. Rajatarangini/Original languages Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Nothing is known about his origin. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. PDF Translating the Past: Rethinking 'Rajatarangini' Narratives in - JSTOR 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. All rights reserved. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar.