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Molecular arrangements and hydrogen bond patterns in the crystal structure of [P 4444] 2 [Ad] . The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). marshfield basketball. Cytosine is a pyrimidine (one ring) base, just like thymine. d) DNA synthesis On the other hand, guanine forms a pair with cytosine in both RNA and DNA. The m ai n d i f f e re n c e . of ssDNA (e.g., Oligonucleotides): . The abnormal levels of four DNA bases, namely guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C) are implicated in several cancers, metabolic diseases, and HIV/AIDS. of a 5' triphosphate. The adenine and guanine molecules are both based on the same chemical structure, purine. By definition, the 5' end of a DNA or RNA strand: A) has no phosphate attached to the 5' hydroxyl of the nucleotide. an atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. how many neutrons are in its nucleus? molecular weight of over a million, e.g. Journal of molecular biology, 273(1), 171-182 (1997-11-21) A. J . Since mRNA is single-stranded, there is usually no pairing in this molecule. 30 seconds. The thousands or millions of bases that make up the DNA molecule make enough hydrogen bonds to hold the two strands of DNA together throughout the entire length of the molecule. The basic building components of RNA are adenine and uracil, which form a base pair with the assistance of two hydrogen bonds. Molecular mass of adenine is 135.13 g/mol. E) Adenine pairs with guanine in DNA and with cytosine in RNA. Sr. Kelly Biddle, PhD, OP, has taught at both the community college and high school level for over 11 years. In this work, we report on a photoionization study of the microhydration of the four DNA bases. In addition, some viruses have aminoadenine (Z) instead of adenine. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Characterization by Raman spectroscopy of conformational changes on guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine oligonucleotides induced by aminooxy analogues of spermidine. The strands must be antiparallel, or upside-down, relative to one another. The main difference between adenine and guanine is that adenine contains an amine group on C-6, and an additional double bond between N-1 and C-6 in its pyrimidine ring whereas guanine contains an amine group on C-2 and a carbonyl group on C-6 in its pyrimidine . Therefore, each strand will always have a phosphate at one end and a sugar at the other end. What determines the code, or information, of a DNA molecule? 176 lessons Adenine pairs with what in DNA? Four depictions of guanine. 176 lessons Uracil Structure & Location | Is Uracil Found in DNA? We now know our DNA fragment consists of 15% guanine, 15% cytosine, 35% adenine, and 35% thymine. succeed. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Click card to see definition . The 4 Nucleotide Bases: Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine | What Are Purines and Pyrimidines. Hypoxanthine is produced from adenine, xanthine from guanine,[9] and uracil results from deamination of cytosine. The main difference between nucleobase adenine and guanine is that complementary base pairs in adenine are formed with uracil in RNA and thymine in DNA. Nitrogenous Bases in DNA & RNA | What is a Nitrogen Base Pair? Adenine has a molecular mass of 135.13 g and it seems to be crystalline and varies from light yellow to white in colour. Gravity. I feel like its a lifeline. The sugars and phosphates connect the bases they are bound to. Gross et al.22 and our group10,38 specific hydrogen bond interaction between the nucleotide pairs polymerized with ATRP unprotected adenine- and thymine- adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine, known as Watson- based monomers using polyethylene glycol macroinitiators in Crick base pairing, has also been employed in polymer order to obtain . In the double helix of DNA, the two strands are oriented chemically in opposite directions, which permits base pairing by providing complementarity between the two bases, and which is essential for replication of or transcription of the encoded information found in DNA. Adenine must pair with uracil in RNA because RNA does not contain any thymine (adenine's normal base-pairing partner). . These chain-joins of phosphates with sugars (ribose or deoxyribose) create the "backbone" strands for a single- or double helix biomolecule. Furthermore, molecular relaxation processes associated with global relaxation times which varied from 0.47 to 0.59 ps have been observed for the peak around 1363 cm-1 in the case of nucleic . It is important to note that in RNA (RiboNucleic Acid), adenine pairs with uracil because RNA molecules do not contain any thymine. There are four nitrogenous bases found in DNA that are called guanine, adenine, thymine and cytosine. If two purines were to pair together, the DNA would be too wide, and if two pyrimidines were to pair, it would be too narrow. Exact M.W. Adenine pairs with uracil in RNA molecules (e.g., when the rRNA codons pair with tRNA anti-codons in translation or when DNA is transcribed into RNA). Hypoxanthine and xanthine are two of the many bases created through mutagen presence, both of them through deamination (replacement of the amine-group with a carbonyl-group). Uracil Structure & Location | Is Uracil Found in DNA? . Adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine. Both the full chemical structure (top right) and the "skeletal formula" (top left) are shown. Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, cytosine bases on one strand pair with guanine bases on the opposite strand. Nitrogenous Base. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. When examining the basic components of DNA, the mole percentage of guanine is comparable to cytosine and the mole percentage of adenine is according to thymine [3]. Point Mutation Facts | What is a Point Mutation? Abbreviations: C-cytosine; T-thymine; G-guanine; A-adenine; -stretching. 'Reading' the DNA code ultimately tells a cell how to make proteins that it can use to perform various functions necessary for life. Charge distribution, bond orders, and molecular electrostatic potentials were considered to . Why a purine must pair with a pyrimidine. Question. The ability of nucleobases to form base pairs and to stack one upon another leads directly to long-chain helical structures such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). molecular weight of adenine, guanine cytosine, thymine. The four bases that make up this code are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Bases pair off together in a double helix structure, these pairs being A and T, and C and G. RNA doesn't contain thymine bases, replacing them with uracil bases (U), which pair to adenine 1. Thus guanine is the heaviest nitrogenous base found in D N A. Complementary base pairing is the method where guanine is always seem to link with cytosine and then thymine in DNA adds up with adenine. Molecular Weight: 151.13. Meaning the A=U pairing is very similar to the A=T pairing. Updated: 09/14/2021 . The experimental and theoretical gas phase acidities of adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine and halouracils. At larger coverage . In between the two sides of this sugar-phosphate backbone are four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). But it is present in RNA in place of Thymine. [13] demonstrated the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step leading to RNA formation. The first process is hydrolytic deamination of adenine, then oxidation with formic acid of the hypoxanthine previously formed, and . (Only two of these sites, C-4 and N-3, are used to form base pairs in DNA.) adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Wiki User. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) or cytosine (C). 24. Substituted Watson-Crick guanine-cytosine (GC) base pairs were recently shown to yield robust three-state nanoswitches. Our quantum chemical investigations suggest that a multistep reaction mechanism involving . Author: Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter. Thymine (T) has a chemical structure of {eq}C_{5}H_{6}N_{2}O_{2} {/eq}. All existing tautomers of adenine, cytosine, and thymine a - Purines have 2 rings Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) - Pyrimidines have 1 ring Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and uracil (u) - Nucleo(des pair use the Base- Pair Rule (adenine pairs to thymine and guanine pairs to cytosine) Protein synthesis: the crea(on of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes Advertisement Advertisement . MDL number: MFCD00071533. Molecular Formula: C4H5N3O: Molecular Weight: 111.104 g/mol: InChI Key: OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N: LogP-1.73: Synonyms: Cytosine; 4-Aminopyrimidin-2(1H)-one; 2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-amino-71-30-7; . Create your account. The purines are adenine and guanine. [citation needed] At least one set of new base pairs has been announced as of May 2014. The AT pairing is based on two hydrogen bonds, while the CG pairing is based on three. Basic Terms & Skills in Biological Science, Introduction to Organic Molecules & Heterotrophs, DNA: Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids & Phosphodiester Bonds, DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine & Complementary Base Pairing, DNA: Discovery, Facts, Structure & Function in Heredity, Differences Between RNA and DNA & Types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA & rRNA), Enzyme Function, Interactions & Regulation, Cell Membrane Model, Components & Transport, Cell Structure, Organelles & Organelle Functions, Transcription, Translation & Protein Synthesis, Cell Growth & The Process of Cell Division, Cellular Structure & Processes in Bacteria & Protists, The Musculoskeletal, Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive & Excretory Systems, Reproduction, Development & Survival in Animals, Mendelian Genetics & Mechanisms of Heredity, Evolutionary Principles & Natural Selection, UExcel Earth Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, NY Regents Exam - Earth Science: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - Chemistry: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Living Environment: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Physics: Tutoring Solution, Middle School Earth Science: Help and Review, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test Physics: Tutoring Solution, How is DNA Organized into Chromosomes? Because the bases can only fit together in a specific orientation, a parallel orientation between the strands won't work. It's the molecule that stores genetic information in an organism. The pairing between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine, results in a complementary relationship between the sequence of bases on the two intertwined chains and gives DNA its self-encoding character. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a . Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Edit: Want to clarify to because I saw a comment - we do NOT need to memorize the molecular weights for these structures! Click again to see term . We have theoretically analyzed AT pairs in which puri The molecular mass of cytosine is 111 grams. does frontline treat mange in cats; luigi's mansion 4 gameplay; personal statement for urdang; jackson nj police facebook; where can i buy fresh ackee near me; portus behind reverse proxy; tompkins table 2021; bowl of cereal with milk . Except for the Thymine, which is replaced by uracil, RNA has the same nitrogen bases as DNA: adenine, guanine, and cytosine. The end of the nucleic acid where the sugar is located is called the 3' end. Mnemonic in case you don't wanna logic it out: Got A Tattoo UnderCover. Tap again to see term . Each nucleotide base can hydrogen-bond with a specific partner base in a process known as complementary base pairing: Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine. Missense Mutation | Concept, Examples & Variant. The shape of the uracil molecule is very similar to thymine; the only difference is that uracil (formula {eq}C_{4}H_{4}N_{2}O_{2} {/eq}) is missing a methyl group (-{eq}CH_{3} {/eq}). Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Simply put, there are five major bases found in the DNA and RNA in cells. Five nucleobasesadenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U)are called primary or canonical. Nucleotide Structure, Parts & Function | What is a Nucleotide? One or more phosphate . CAS Number. Here, we address the question: Can such supramolecular switches also be based on Watson-Crick adenine-thymine (AT) base pairs? [12], In order to understand how life arose knowledge is required of chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. GC was carried out from the column HP-5 (30 m0.32 mm id) with layer thickness 0.25 m. Cytosine has a molecular mass of 111.4 g/mol. The single-ring nitrogenous bases, thymine and cytosine, are called pyrimidines, and the double-ring bases, adenine and guanine, are called purines. Molecules as complex as RNA must have arisen from small molecules whose reactivity was governed by physico-chemical processes. I guess you might wonder how I can remember that, but it's really quite simple. This unique property of the DNA bases enables the processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation to occur basically, base pairing allows life itself! Comparing Cellular Respiration to Burning Fossil Fuels. o Thus, in DNA, A + G = C + T DNA and RNA differ in the following ways. 24 chapters | Each base has a complementary partner with which it can basepair. However, the nitrogenous bases can't hydrogen-bond in this orientation. I've seen a few questions on the basis of these comparisons: in UEarth, NS, and the AAMC SB alike. Thymine has a molar mass of 126.115 g/mol and a melting point of 316 to 317 C. Guanine has the molecular formula C 5 H 5 N 5 O with molecular weight of 151 am u. Adenine is C 5 H 5 N 5 (molecular weight 135 am u), cytosine is C 4 H 5 N 3 O (molecular weight 111 am u) and thymine is C 5 H 6 N 2 O 2 (molecular weight 126 am u). Both adenine and guanine are purines. It's an important base because it's used not only in DNA and RNA, but also for the energy carrier molecule ATP, the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide, and the . They are abbreviated by the first letter in their name, or G, A, T and C. The bases can be divided into two categories: Thymine and cytosine are called pyrimidines, and adenine and guanine are called purines. The other three basesthymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil(U)are derivatives of pyrimidine. . The derivatives of purine are called adenine (A) and guanine (G). For example, if we have the sequence 5'-ATCTC-3' on one chain, the opposite chain must have the complementary sequence 3'-TACAC-5\. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. In this work, we report on a photoionization study of the microhydration of the four DNA bases. Adenosine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil are all nitrogenous bases, meaning they are nitrogen-containing basic (or alkaline) compounds. Pyrimidine Bases & Structures | What are Pyrimidines? These are examples of modified adenosine or guanosine. When two strands pair together because they are antiparallel, where one stand begins with a 5' phosphate group, the other will have a 3' OH group, and at the opposite end, the first strand will have a 3' OH group while the second has a 5' phosphate group. FREE SOLUTION: Q22P A typical bacterial DNA has a molar mass of 410. Pyrimidine derivative. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Genetic Code & RNA To Amino Acids | What is Genetic Code Translation? Gas chromatography (GC) has been examined for the ease of separation of the nucleobases guanine (G), adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) after precolumn derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate. Albrecht Kossel received a Nobel prize in 1910 for his work in uncovering the chemical nature of life (over forty years before Watson and Crick's more famous Nobel for the structure of DNA!). Addition of "159" to the M.W. In case of . Nucleotide Structure, Parts & Function | What is a Nucleotide? Specifically, adenine bases pair with thymine bases and guanine bases pair with cytosine bases. Molecular mass of guanine is . 111.10 . In a strand of DNA, the phosphate group of one nucleotide connects to the sugar of its neighbor by a phosphodiester bond. The chemical formula of adenine is C 5 H 5 N 5. 'All Gods are pure.' There are only 4 nucleotides in DNA, Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cystosine (C). Guanine Overview, Structure & Formula | What is Guanine? In total 60% of the molecule will be G and C the remaining 40% will be divided among A and T and hence 20% of Adenine and 20% of Thymine. | 12 DNA secondary structure, the double helix, is held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs. Protonation of thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine DNA nucleic acid bases: Theoretical investigation into the framework of density functional theory Journal of Computational Chemistry, 1998 Andr Grand Adenine and guanine are purines and thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines. DNA is often said to resemble a "twisted ladder." who: Inkyung Jung et al. Weak plasma . The human genome is 3.3 x 109bp in length. Gradientcorrected density functional computations with triplezetatype basis sets were performed to determine the preferred protonation site and the absolute gasphase proton affinities of the most stable tautomer of the DNA bases thymine (T), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and guanine (G). Addition of "159" to the M.W. Size and structure of the specific nucleotides cause Adenine and Thymine to always pair together while Cytosine and Guanine always pair together. A vast number of nucleobase analogues exist. instead of thymine. See Answer Calculate the Molecular Mass of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. Because of the alternating nature of the phosphate groups and sugars in the backbone of nucleic acids, a nucleic acid strand has directionality. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines. Gas-phase clusters of water with DNA bases [guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T)] are generated via thermal vaporization of the bases and expansion of the resultant vapor in a continuous supersonic jet expansion of water seeded in Ar. takes into account the M.W. Expert Answer Adenine (C5H5N5) = 512+51+514 = 1 View the full answer Previous question Next question To understand of the mechanism of self-assembly of DNA base molecules on the Au(111) surface, molecular dynamics simulations of different surface coverage of guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine molecules at 300 and 400 K are performed. DNA Replication, Structure & Function | What is DNA? All life on Earth uses DNA as its genetic material, and all DNA is made from only four different nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Adenine and guanine are purines. A fifth nucleotide, uracil, replaces thymine in RNA. The five-carbon sugar ring and the content of the nitrogenous base between DNA and RNA are slightly different from each other. Together, these four bases help construct deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA. Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. It is replaced by Uracil in RNA. molecular weight of adenine, guanine cytosine, thymine INTRO OFFER!!! Polynucleotide Chain Structure & Overview | How do Nucleotides Link Together? citadel track and field schedule 2022; memorial toponyms example; Home Molecular mass 135.13 g/mol Melting point 360 - 365 C CAS number 73-24-5 . Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA, and uracil only in RNA. The bases can divide into two categories: A nucleotide consists of one of the five bases above connected to a sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group. See? Q. molecular weight of adenine, guanine cytosine, thymine. -Thymine: The IUPAC name of thymine is 5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione. Purines, from which adenine is derived, are found in plants and animals. Mutation & DNA Damage Causes & Examples | What Causes Mutations? A major component of RNA but not of DNA is: A) adenineB) guanine C) cytosine D) uracil E) thymine. This difference in strength is because of the difference in the number of hydrogen bonds. Thus, to slightly change the example above, if a given strand of DNA had the sequence 5' - GATTAGA - 3', the complementary strand would be 3' - CTAATCT - 5'. As seen above, complementary bases bond together through hydrogen bonds, formed when electronegative atoms (atoms strongly attracted to electrons, which gives them a slight negative charge) come close to slightly positive hydrogen atoms (hydrogen atoms only have one proton, so they are only weakly attached to their electrons. molecular weight of adenine, guanine cytosine, thymine molecular weight of adenine, guanine cytosine, thymine. If all adenine bonds to thymine and all cytosine pairs with guanine, then the sum of all adenine equals the sum of all thymine in a DNA molecule. It has a molecular mass of 111.10 g/mol. After watching this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Five nucleobases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U)are called primary or canonical. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The viral polymerase incorporates these compounds with non-canonical bases. Cellular Senescence, dna Polymerase Delta, genomewide Association Study, bisulfite, senescence, dna Methylation, methylation, cytosine, uracil, Nucleobase, Thymine . Linking several nucleotides in this way creates a sugar-phosphate backbone. Professor Pear: You're quite right. It binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. The phosphate group and sugar are the same in every nucleotide, but there are four different nitrogenous bases: guanine, adenine, thymine and cytosine. san diego high school basketball rankings 2022; hole in the wall trail; warlocks motorcycle club; 27 fourth street mount pearl, nl; . All rights reserved. . by controlling the movement of protein molecules. Cytosine Molecule Structure & Function | What is Cytosine? Beilstein: 9680. Three parts make up a nucleotide: The different parts of a nucleotide are highlighted in the figure below. Guanine is a purine derivative. When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, its electrons spend most of their time away from the hydrogen, giving it a slight positive charge). With the formula C 5 H 5 N 5 O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine - imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. 100% DNA subtract 40% gives you 60% DNA percentage left over meaning both cytosine and guanine are 30% each. The chemical structures of Thymine and Cytosine are smaller, while those of Adenine and Guanine are larger. One of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). cottonwood financial administrative services, llc, Step By Step Peekaboo Hair Color Placement, iowa swimming short course championships 2021. In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. On the other hand, another cell might read a different recipe, which tells it how to make insulin protein to control blood sugar levels. Professor Pear: Well, remember that the backbone is made of phosphate groups and sugars. In case of . A and G are categorized as purines, and C, T, and U are collectively called. The parts of a nucleotide (Blue = base, Yellow = Sugar, and Red = Phosphate group(s)). Transcribed Image Text: . The sequence of the four nucleotide bases encodes DNA's information. S + 6 HNO3 HSO4 +6 NO + 2 HO In the above equation, how many grams of water can be made when 2. . [3] Similarly, the simple-ring structure of cytosine, uracil, and thymine is derived of pyrimidine, so those three bases are called the pyrimidine bases. Molecular mass 111.102 g/mol Melting point: 320 - 325C (decomp) CAS number 71-30-7 . (Cytosine is the other pyrimidine base). That makes the nucleotide the most basic subunit of DNA, or, more generally, of any nucleic acid. Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine on Newcrom AH View on hplc.cloud Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and Adenine are the nucleobases found in . Only pairing purine with pyrimidine ensures a constant width for the DNA. Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with a single ring (called a pyrimidine ring) with alternating carbon and nitrogen atoms. These bases form complementary base pairs consisting of one purine and one pyrimidine, with adenine pairing with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Thymine Structure & Function| What is Thymine? Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine. 97% Of The Newborn With An Average Weight Between 3 To 3.3 Kg Survive Whereas 99% Of The Infants . Pyrimidine Bases & Structures | What are Pyrimidines? by | Jun 8, 2022 | actron cp9135 update | bloomington mn city council | Jun 8, 2022 | actron cp9135 update | bloomington mn city council Guanine gets girls with an erect penis (carbonyl is "upright") Cytosine has a big cock (carbonyl is NOT upright but toward the "bottom" of the six membered ring just as a flaccid penis is positioned on the male body) Thymine has two tits (the two carbonyls constitue the tits) Adenine and it's complete lack of carbonyls is all that's . 71-30-7 . These are examples of modified cytosine, thymine or uridine. For more information, please see our They are often abbreviated by the first letter of each nitrogenous base: G, A, T and C. They essentially function as a four-letter alphabet. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases, along with adenine, guanine and cytosine found in deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). For example, the longest chromosome in the human genome (chromosome 1) is a single DNA molecule containing almost 500 million nucleotides! This specific pattern of pairing maintains a uniform width to the DNA molecule. [10][11], In medicine, several nucleoside analogues are used as anticancer and antiviral agents. Guanine has an additional oxygen atom in its chemical structure. Thus, one strand of the DNA molecule begins 5' (phosphate) and ends 3' (sugar), while the other starts with a 3' (sugar) end and ends with a 5' (phosphate) end.